Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)

Academic ranks in Portugal and Brazil are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia. As subtypes of professors the following are distinguished: Professor catedrático (Portugal) or Professor titular (Brazil): full professor; it is the highest faculty position Professor associado, professor adjunto, professor auxiliar: various intermediary professorship levels, roughly equivalent to associate professor or assistant professor – not to be confounded with adjunct professors –, depending on country and if it's a state or federal university; see country-specific sections below for details Professor substituto: a short-term contract for replacement of professors on maternity leave, sabbatical years or other temporary situations (e.g., postdoctoral license) Professor visitante: same as visiting professor; usually conducts research as an obligation from his/her contract and so is required to hold a PhD. == Etymology == In Romance languages (spoken in Portugal, France, Italy, Romania and Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Latin America – Ibero-America), the term "professor" and "teacher" translate the same ("professor" / "professeur" / "professore" / "profesor") thus it is used for anyone teaching at a school (grade/elementary, middle, and high school), institute, technical school, vocational school, college or university, regardless of the level of the subject matter taught or the level or ages of students.

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