Century of humiliation
The century of humiliation (simplified Chinese: 百年国耻; traditional Chinese: 百年國恥; pinyin: bǎinián guóchǐ) is a Chinese historiographical concept for a period in history beginning with the end of the First Opium War (1839–1842), and terminating with the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The century-long period is typified by the decline, defeat and political fragmentation of the Qing dynasty and the subsequent Republic of China, which led to demoralizing foreign intervention, annexation and subjugation of China by Western powers, Russia, and Japan.