Closed ecological systems or contained ecological systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system in order to help maintain life. The term is most often used to describe small, man-made ecosystems.
Closed ecological systems or contained ecological systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system in order to help maintain life. The term is most often used to describe small, man-made ecosystems.
Source: Wikipedia "Closed ecological system" · CC BY-SA 4.0
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