Demons in Mandaeism
In Mandaeism, various beings inhabit the World of Darkness. == Types == According to the Right Ginza, the World of Darkness consists of many demons, dewis, and evil spirits, including: Other types of demons mentioned in Book 18 of the Right Ginza are: dagalta "female demon" diba < Middle Persian dēw' patikrā < Old Persian patikāra 'sculpture, image' šidā < Akkadian šēdu 'a protective genie with the head of a man and the body of a winged lion' The Right Ginza describes them as: == Demons in the Ginza Rabba == === Main demons === Other than Ur, Ruha and her entourage of the 7 planets and 12 constellations, some infernal beings mentioned in the Ginza Rabba are: Anathan (Anatan) – husband of Qin; described as a "warrior" and "war-like" in Book 5, Chapter 1 of the Right Ginza Gaf and Gafan (Gap and Gapan) Giu (Giuo) Hag and Mag (Hagh and Magh) – a male and female pair of demons, respectively Krun (Karun) Qin – queen of darkness, mother of Ruha, grandmother of Ur; one of her epithets is Sumqaq Shdum (Šdum; Ashdum, Ašdum) – a ruler of the underworld Zahreil (Zahrʿil) – daughter of Qin and wife of Hibil Ziwa Zartai-Zartanai === Minor demons === Other demons mentioned in the Ginza Rabba are: Aṭirpan (Aṭarpan), literally "foliage," mentioned with Lupan in Book 3 of the Right Ginza Lupan, mentioned with Aṭirpan in Book 3 of the Right Ginza Himun, described as a "man" in Book 5, Chapter 2 and Book 6 of the Right Ginza; one of the matarta guards Karipiun (Karafiun), described as a "devourer" in Book 5, Chapter 3 of the Right Ginza Karkum, described as a son of Ur in Book 4 of the Right Ginza Shiqlun (Šiqlun), mentioned in Book 15, Chapter 6 of the Right Ginza Zamur, described as an "evil spirit" in Book 8 of the Right Ginza Demons mentioned in the Diwan Abatur who often accompany Ur and Shdum include: Baz Miṭiaiel Gargiel Šahra Nufsai El-Sfar the Small Ṭabadaga Zuṭ Gaṣiaiel Ṭarfan Zamriel Qardum Simiaiil === Right Ginza 5.1 === In Book 5, Chapter 1 of the Right Ginza (also known as the "Book of the Underworld"), Hibil Ziwa descends the worlds of the "kings" and "giants of darkness" in the following order: Zartai-Zartanai and his wife Amamit (an epithet of Libat, or Venus) Hag and Mag, the two manas of darkness Gap and Gapan, the mighty giants of darkness Anatan and Qin Šdum (Ašdum), king of darkness Giu Krun, King of Darkness, great mountain of flesh (ṭura rba ḏ-bisra) === Pillars of Jerusalem === In Book 15, Chapter 11 of the Right Ginza, the pillars of Jerusalem are named as: ʿUsraʿil Yaqip Adunai Zatan Ṣihmai Karkum Some of these names are also associated with beings in the World of Darkness, such as Karkum and Adunai (another name for Šamiš or the Sun).