Hawking energy (also called the Hawking mass) is a proposed quasi-local mass in general relativity associated with a closed spacelike 2-surface in spacetime. It was introduced by Stephen Hawking in 1968 as a simple geometric quantity intended to measure the mass or energy contained within a finite region, using only geometric data defined on the bounding surface rather than at infinity.
Hawking energy (also called the Hawking mass) is a proposed quasi-local mass in general relativity associated with a closed spacelike 2-surface in spacetime. It was introduced by Stephen Hawking in 1968 as a simple geometric quantity intended to measure the mass or energy contained within a finite region, using only geometric data defined on the bounding surface rather than at infinity.
Source: Wikipedia "Hawking energy" · CC BY-SA 4.0
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