Jacobi sum
In mathematics, a Jacobi sum is a type of character sum formed with Dirichlet characters. Simple examples would be Jacobi sums J(χ, ψ) for Dirichlet characters χ, ψ modulo a prime number p, defined by J ( χ , ψ ) = ∑ χ ( a ) ψ ( 1 − a ) , {\displaystyle J(\chi ,\psi )=\sum \chi (a)\psi (1-a)\,,} where the summation runs over all residues a = 2, 3, ..., p − 1 mod p (for which neither a nor 1 − a is 0).