List of cosmologists

This is a list of people who have made noteworthy contributions to cosmology (the study of the history and large-scale structure of the universe) and their cosmological achievements. == A == Tom Abel (1970–) studied primordial star formation Roberto Abraham (1965–) studied the shapes of early galaxies Andreas Albrecht studied the formation of the early universe, cosmic structure, and dark energy Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) theorized that galactic magnetic fields could be generated by plasma currents Ralph A. Alpher (1921–2007) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, predicted cosmic background radiation Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BC) early proponent of heliocentrism Aristotle (circa 384–322 BC) posited a geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for many centuries Aryabhata (476–550) described a geocentric model with slow and fast epicycles == B == Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886) conveyed Aristotle's theories from Persia to Europe James M. Bardeen (1939–2022) studied the mathematics of black holes and of vacua under general relativity John D. Barrow (1952–2020) popularized the anthropic cosmological principle Charles L. Bennett (1956–) studied the large-scale structure of the universe by mapping irregularities in microwave background radiation Orfeu Bertolami (1959–) studied the cosmological constant, cosmic inflation, dark energy–dark matter unification and interaction, alternative gravity theories Somnath Bharadwaj (1964–) studied large-scale structure formation James Binney (1950–) studied galactic dynamics and supernova disruption of galactic gasses Martin Bojowald (1973–) studied loop quantum gravity and established loop quantum cosmology Hermann Bondi (1919–2005) developed the steady-state model Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (1967–) physicist researcher on cosmology Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) promoted a geo-heliocentric system of epicycles Robert Brandenberger (1956–) formulated the theory of string gas cosmology, with colleague Cumrun Vafa, and developed cosmological perturbation theory == C == Bernard J. Carr (1949–) promoted the anthropic principle, studied primordial black holes Sean M. Carroll (1966–) researched dark energy, general relativity, and spontaneous cosmic inflation Gennady V. Chibisov (1946–2008) origin of cosmological density perturbations from quantum fluctuations Peter Coles (1963–) modeled galactic clustering and authored several cosmology books C. B. Collins used the anthropic principle to solve the flatness problem Asantha Cooray (1973–) studied dark energy, halo models of large structure, and cosmic microwave radiation Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) formulated a heliocentric cosmology == D == Paul Davies (1946–) developed a vacuum model that explains microwave background fluctuation, studies time's arrow, and has written many popular-press books Marc Davis (1947–) was lead astronomer of a survey of 50,000 high-redshift galaxies Avishai Dekel (1951–) studied galaxy formation and large scale structure of the cosmos in dark matter-dark energy dominated universes Robert H. Dicke (1916–1997) measured background radiation, used an early version of the anthropic principle to relate the gravitational constant to the age of the universe Mike J. Disney (1937–) discovered low surface brightness galaxies == E == George Efstathiou (1955–) pioneering computer simulations, observations of galaxy clustering and studies of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background Jürgen Ehlers (1929–2008) described gravitational lensing and studied the mathematical implications of an isotropic microwave background Jaan Einasto (1929–) studied structure in the large-scale distribution of superclusters of galaxies, early proponent of dark matter Albert Einstein (1879–1955) introduced general relativity and the cosmological constant George F. R. Ellis (1939–) theorized a cylindrical steady-state universe with a naked singularity as recycling mechanism Richard S. Ellis (1950–) used gravitational lensing and high-redshift supernovae to study the origin of galaxies, large scale structure, and dark matter Encieh Erfani (1982–), studies inflation and the birth of primordial black holes == F == Sandra M. Faber (1944–) discovered the Great Attractor, a supercluster-scale gravitational anomaly; co-inventor of the theory of cold dark matter Hume A. Feldman (1953–) studies cosmological perturbations and the statistical and dynamical properties of the large scale structure of the universe Pedro G. Ferreira (1968–) his main interests are in general relativity and theoretical cosmology Carlos S. Frenk (1951–) studied cosmic structure formation Alexander Friedmann (1888–1925) discovered the expanding-universe solution to general relativity == G == George Gamow (1904–1968) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, modeled the mass and radius of primordial galaxies Margaret J. Geller (1947–) discovered the Great Wall, a superstructure-scale filament of galaxies Thomas Gold (1920–2004) proposed the steady-state theory Gerson Goldhaber (1924–2010) used supernova observations to measure the energy density of the universe J. Richard Gott (1947–) proposed the use of cosmic strings for time travel Alan Guth (1947–) explained the isotropy of the universe by theorizing a phase of exponential cosmic inflation soon after the big bang == H == Stephen W. Hawking (1942–2018) described singularities in general relativity and developed singularity-free models of the big bang; predicted primordial black holes Charles W. Hellaby described models of general relativity with nonconstant metric signature Michał Heller (1936–) researched noncommutative approaches to quantum gravity Robert C. Herman (1914–1997) predicted the background radiation temperature Lars Hernquist (1954–) studied galaxy formation and evolution Chris Hirata (1982–) researched weak gravitational lensing Honorius Augustodunensis (c.1080−1151) wrote a popular encyclopedia of cosmology, geography, and world history Hanns Hörbiger (1860–1931) formulated a pseudoscientific theory of ice as the basic substance of all cosmic processes Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) promoted the steady state theory, used the anthropic principle to explain the energy levels of carbon nuclei Edwin P. Hubble (1889–1953) demonstrated the existence of other galaxies and confirmed the relation between redshift and distance John P. Huchra (1948–2010) discovered the Great Wall, a superstructure-scale filament of galaxies == I == Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (1967–) physicist researcher on Cosmology Jamal Nazrul Islam (1939–2013) published seven books on Cosmology == K == Ronald Kantowski (1939–) discovered spatially homogeneous but anisotropic solutions to general relativity Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) pioneered heliocentrism, discovered elliptical planetary motion, attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov (1919–2021) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe Tom W. B. Kibble (1932–2016) introduced the concept of cosmic strings Robert Kirshner (1949–) discovered the Boötes void, a large region sparsely populated with galaxies, and wrote a popular book on cosmology Edward Kolb (1951–) studied big bang cosmology including the emergence of baryons and dark matter, and wrote a popular textbook on cosmology Lawrence M. Krauss (1954–) author of popular science books on cosmology including A Universe from Nothing == L == Ofer Lahav (1959–) studied dark matter and dark energy Tod R. Lauer (1957–) catalogued massive black holes at galaxy centers and correlated their mass with other properties of the galaxies' structures Georges Henri Lemaître (1894–1966) proposed the big bang theory and the distance-redshift relation Janna Levin (1967–) seeks evidence for a bounded universe of nontrivial topology Andrew R. Liddle (1965–) studied inflationary models, wrote two books on inflation and primordial inhomogeneities Evgeny M. Lifshitz (1915–1985) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe Andrei Linde (1948–) pioneered cosmic inflationary models and proposed eternal chaotic inflation of universes from the false vacuum Abraham (Avi) Loeb (1962–) researched primordial stars, primordial black holes, quasars, reionization, gravitational lensing, and gamma-ray bursts Jean-Pierre Luminet (1951–) studied black holes and the topology of the Universe David H. Lyth (1940–) studied particle cosmology, wrote two books on cosmic inflation and primordial inhomogeneities == M == João Magueijo (1967–) proposed much faster speeds of light in the young universe as an alternative explanation to cosmic inflation for its homogeneity Richard Massey (1977–) mapped dark matter in the universe Charles W. Misner (1932–2023) studied solutions to general relativity including the mixmaster universe and Misner space, wrote influential text on gravitation John Moffat (1932–) proposed much faster speeds of light in the young universe, developed antisymmetric theories of gravity Lauro Moscardini (1961–) modeled galaxy clustering in the early universe == N == Jayant Narlikar (1938–2025) promoted steady state theories Isaac Newton (1642–1727) formulated the law of universal gravitation and supported the heliocentric model == P == György Paál (1934–1992) in the late 1950s studied the quasar and galaxy cluster distributions, in 1970 from redshift quantization came up with the idea that the Universe might have nontrivial topological structure Thanu Padmanabhan (1957–2021) studied quantum gravity and quantum cosmology Leonard Parker (1938–) established the study of quantum field theory within general relativity P. James E. Peebles (1935–) predicted cosmic background radiation, contributed to structure theory, developed models that avoid dark matter Roger Penrose (1931–) linked singularities to gravitational collapse, conjectured the nonexistence of naked singularities, and used gravitational entropy to explain homogeneity Arno Penzias (1933–2024) was the first to observe the cosmic background radiation Saul Perlmutter (1959–) used supernova observations to measure the expansion of the universe Mark M. Phillips (1951–) used supernova observations to discover acceleration in the expansion of the universe, calibrated the supernova distance scale Joel Primack (1945–2025) co-invented the theory of cold dark matter Ptolemy (90–168) wrote the only surviving ancient text on astronomy, conjectured a model of the universe as a set of nested spheres with epicycles == Q == Ali Qushji (1403–1474) challenged Aristotelian physics, in particular presenting empirical evidence against a stationary Earth, and may have influenced Copernicus == R == Lisa Randall (1962–) contributed to Randall–Sundrum models, which describe the world in terms of a warped geometry higher-dimensional universe Martin Rees (1942–) proposed that quasars are powered by black holes, disproved steady state by studying distribution of quasars Yoel Rephaeli used the distortion of the cosmic background by high-energy electrons to infer the existence of galaxy clusters Adam Riess (1969–) found evidence in supernova data that the expansion of the universe is accelerating and confirming dark energy models Wolfgang Rindler (1924–2019) coined the phrase "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and popularized the use of spinors (with Roger Penrose) Howard P. Robertson (1903–1961) solved the two-body problem in an approximation to general relativity, developed the standard model of general relativity Vera Rubin (1928–2016) discovered discrepancies in galactic rotation rates leading to the theory of dark matter == S == Rainer K. Sachs (1932–2024) discovered gravitationally induced redshifts in the cosmic background radiation Carl Sagan (1934–1996) American astrophysicist, cosmologist and author Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989) invented the theory of twins, CPT-symmetric universes Allan Sandage (1936–2010) set the cosmological distance scale and accurately estimated the speed of expansion of the universe Brian P. Schmidt (1967–) used supernova data to measure the acceleration in the expansion of the universe David N. Schramm (1945–1997) was an expert on big bang theory and an early proponent of dark matter Dennis W. Sciama (1926–1999) studied many aspects of cosmology and supervised many other leading cosmologists Irving Segal (1918–1998) created chronometric cosmology with alternative explanation of redshift in spectra of distant sources Seleucus of Seleucia (c.190–c.150 BC) used tidal observations to support a heliocentric model Roman Ulrich Sexl (1939–1986) developed an ether-based theory of absolute simultaneity that is mathematically equivalent to special relativity Al-Sijzi (c.

Source: Wikipedia — List of cosmologists (CC BY-SA 4.0)

List of cosmologists

This is a list of people who have made noteworthy contributions to cosmology (the study of the history and large-scale structure of the universe) and their cosmological achievements. == A == Tom Abel (1970–) studied primordial star formation Roberto Abraham (1965–) studied the shapes of early galaxies Andreas Albrecht studied the formation of the early universe, cosmic structure, and dark energy Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) theorized that galactic magnetic fields could be generated by plasma currents Ralph A. Alpher (1921–2007) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, predicted cosmic background radiation Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BC) early proponent of heliocentrism Aristotle (circa 384–322 BC) posited a geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for many centuries Aryabhata (476–550) described a geocentric model with slow and fast epicycles == B == Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886) conveyed Aristotle's theories from Persia to Europe James M. Bardeen (1939–2022) studied the mathematics of black holes and of vacua under general relativity John D. Barrow (1952–2020) popularized the anthropic cosmological principle Charles L. Bennett (1956–) studied the large-scale structure of the universe by mapping irregularities in microwave background radiation Orfeu Bertolami (1959–) studied the cosmological constant, cosmic inflation, dark energy–dark matter unification and interaction, alternative gravity theories Somnath Bharadwaj (1964–) studied large-scale structure formation James Binney (1950–) studied galactic dynamics and supernova disruption of galactic gasses Martin Bojowald (1973–) studied loop quantum gravity and established loop quantum cosmology Hermann Bondi (1919–2005) developed the steady-state model Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (1967–) physicist researcher on cosmology Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) promoted a geo-heliocentric system of epicycles Robert Brandenberger (1956–) formulated the theory of string gas cosmology, with colleague Cumrun Vafa, and developed cosmological perturbation theory == C == Bernard J. Carr (1949–) promoted the anthropic principle, studied primordial black holes Sean M. Carroll (1966–) researched dark energy, general relativity, and spontaneous cosmic inflation Gennady V. Chibisov (1946–2008) origin of cosmological density perturbations from quantum fluctuations Peter Coles (1963–) modeled galactic clustering and authored several cosmology books C. B. Collins used the anthropic principle to solve the flatness problem Asantha Cooray (1973–) studied dark energy, halo models of large structure, and cosmic microwave radiation Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) formulated a heliocentric cosmology == D == Paul Davies (1946–) developed a vacuum model that explains microwave background fluctuation, studies time's arrow, and has written many popular-press books Marc Davis (1947–) was lead astronomer of a survey of 50,000 high-redshift galaxies Avishai Dekel (1951–) studied galaxy formation and large scale structure of the cosmos in dark matter-dark energy dominated universes Robert H. Dicke (1916–1997) measured background radiation, used an early version of the anthropic principle to relate the gravitational constant to the age of the universe Mike J. Disney (1937–) discovered low surface brightness galaxies == E == George Efstathiou (1955–) pioneering computer simulations, observations of galaxy clustering and studies of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background Jürgen Ehlers (1929–2008) described gravitational lensing and studied the mathematical implications of an isotropic microwave background Jaan Einasto (1929–) studied structure in the large-scale distribution of superclusters of galaxies, early proponent of dark matter Albert Einstein (1879–1955) introduced general relativity and the cosmological constant George F. R. Ellis (1939–) theorized a cylindrical steady-state universe with a naked singularity as recycling mechanism Richard S. Ellis (1950–) used gravitational lensing and high-redshift supernovae to study the origin of galaxies, large scale structure, and dark matter Encieh Erfani (1982–), studies inflation and the birth of primordial black holes == F == Sandra M. Faber (1944–) discovered the Great Attractor, a supercluster-scale gravitational anomaly; co-inventor of the theory of cold dark matter Hume A. Feldman (1953–) studies cosmological perturbations and the statistical and dynamical properties of the large scale structure of the universe Pedro G. Ferreira (1968–) his main interests are in general relativity and theoretical cosmology Carlos S. Frenk (1951–) studied cosmic structure formation Alexander Friedmann (1888–1925) discovered the expanding-universe solution to general relativity == G == George Gamow (1904–1968) argued that observed proportions of hydrogen and helium in the universe could be explained by the big bang model, modeled the mass and radius of primordial galaxies Margaret J. Geller (1947–) discovered the Great Wall, a superstructure-scale filament of galaxies Thomas Gold (1920–2004) proposed the steady-state theory Gerson Goldhaber (1924–2010) used supernova observations to measure the energy density of the universe J. Richard Gott (1947–) proposed the use of cosmic strings for time travel Alan Guth (1947–) explained the isotropy of the universe by theorizing a phase of exponential cosmic inflation soon after the big bang == H == Stephen W. Hawking (1942–2018) described singularities in general relativity and developed singularity-free models of the big bang; predicted primordial black holes Charles W. Hellaby described models of general relativity with nonconstant metric signature Michał Heller (1936–) researched noncommutative approaches to quantum gravity Robert C. Herman (1914–1997) predicted the background radiation temperature Lars Hernquist (1954–) studied galaxy formation and evolution Chris Hirata (1982–) researched weak gravitational lensing Honorius Augustodunensis (c.1080−1151) wrote a popular encyclopedia of cosmology, geography, and world history Hanns Hörbiger (1860–1931) formulated a pseudoscientific theory of ice as the basic substance of all cosmic processes Fred Hoyle (1915–2001) promoted the steady state theory, used the anthropic principle to explain the energy levels of carbon nuclei Edwin P. Hubble (1889–1953) demonstrated the existence of other galaxies and confirmed the relation between redshift and distance John P. Huchra (1948–2010) discovered the Great Wall, a superstructure-scale filament of galaxies == I == Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (1967–) physicist researcher on Cosmology Jamal Nazrul Islam (1939–2013) published seven books on Cosmology == K == Ronald Kantowski (1939–) discovered spatially homogeneous but anisotropic solutions to general relativity Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) pioneered heliocentrism, discovered elliptical planetary motion, attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov (1919–2021) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe Tom W. B. Kibble (1932–2016) introduced the concept of cosmic strings Robert Kirshner (1949–) discovered the Boötes void, a large region sparsely populated with galaxies, and wrote a popular book on cosmology Edward Kolb (1951–) studied big bang cosmology including the emergence of baryons and dark matter, and wrote a popular textbook on cosmology Lawrence M. Krauss (1954–) author of popular science books on cosmology including A Universe from Nothing == L == Ofer Lahav (1959–) studied dark matter and dark energy Tod R. Lauer (1957–) catalogued massive black holes at galaxy centers and correlated their mass with other properties of the galaxies' structures Georges Henri Lemaître (1894–1966) proposed the big bang theory and the distance-redshift relation Janna Levin (1967–) seeks evidence for a bounded universe of nontrivial topology Andrew R. Liddle (1965–) studied inflationary models, wrote two books on inflation and primordial inhomogeneities Evgeny M. Lifshitz (1915–1985) conjectured an oscillatory model with an essential singularity for the evolution of the universe Andrei Linde (1948–) pioneered cosmic inflationary models and proposed eternal chaotic inflation of universes from the false vacuum Abraham (Avi) Loeb (1962–) researched primordial stars, primordial black holes, quasars, reionization, gravitational lensing, and gamma-ray bursts Jean-Pierre Luminet (1951–) studied black holes and the topology of the Universe David H. Lyth (1940–) studied particle cosmology, wrote two books on cosmic inflation and primordial inhomogeneities == M == João Magueijo (1967–) proposed much faster speeds of light in the young universe as an alternative explanation to cosmic inflation for its homogeneity Richard Massey (1977–) mapped dark matter in the universe Charles W. Misner (1932–2023) studied solutions to general relativity including the mixmaster universe and Misner space, wrote influential text on gravitation John Moffat (1932–) proposed much faster speeds of light in the young universe, developed antisymmetric theories of gravity Lauro Moscardini (1961–) modeled galaxy clustering in the early universe == N == Jayant Narlikar (1938–2025) promoted steady state theories Isaac Newton (1642–1727) formulated the law of universal gravitation and supported the heliocentric model == P == György Paál (1934–1992) in the late 1950s studied the quasar and galaxy cluster distributions, in 1970 from redshift quantization came up with the idea that the Universe might have nontrivial topological structure Thanu Padmanabhan (1957–2021) studied quantum gravity and quantum cosmology Leonard Parker (1938–) established the study of quantum field theory within general relativity P. James E. Peebles (1935–) predicted cosmic background radiation, contributed to structure theory, developed models that avoid dark matter Roger Penrose (1931–) linked singularities to gravitational collapse, conjectured the nonexistence of naked singularities, and used gravitational entropy to explain homogeneity Arno Penzias (1933–2024) was the first to observe the cosmic background radiation Saul Perlmutter (1959–) used supernova observations to measure the expansion of the universe Mark M. Phillips (1951–) used supernova observations to discover acceleration in the expansion of the universe, calibrated the supernova distance scale Joel Primack (1945–2025) co-invented the theory of cold dark matter Ptolemy (90–168) wrote the only surviving ancient text on astronomy, conjectured a model of the universe as a set of nested spheres with epicycles == Q == Ali Qushji (1403–1474) challenged Aristotelian physics, in particular presenting empirical evidence against a stationary Earth, and may have influenced Copernicus == R == Lisa Randall (1962–) contributed to Randall–Sundrum models, which describe the world in terms of a warped geometry higher-dimensional universe Martin Rees (1942–) proposed that quasars are powered by black holes, disproved steady state by studying distribution of quasars Yoel Rephaeli used the distortion of the cosmic background by high-energy electrons to infer the existence of galaxy clusters Adam Riess (1969–) found evidence in supernova data that the expansion of the universe is accelerating and confirming dark energy models Wolfgang Rindler (1924–2019) coined the phrase "event horizon", Rindler coordinates, and popularized the use of spinors (with Roger Penrose) Howard P. Robertson (1903–1961) solved the two-body problem in an approximation to general relativity, developed the standard model of general relativity Vera Rubin (1928–2016) discovered discrepancies in galactic rotation rates leading to the theory of dark matter == S == Rainer K. Sachs (1932–2024) discovered gravitationally induced redshifts in the cosmic background radiation Carl Sagan (1934–1996) American astrophysicist, cosmologist and author Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989) invented the theory of twins, CPT-symmetric universes Allan Sandage (1936–2010) set the cosmological distance scale and accurately estimated the speed of expansion of the universe Brian P. Schmidt (1967–) used supernova data to measure the acceleration in the expansion of the universe David N. Schramm (1945–1997) was an expert on big bang theory and an early proponent of dark matter Dennis W. Sciama (1926–1999) studied many aspects of cosmology and supervised many other leading cosmologists Irving Segal (1918–1998) created chronometric cosmology with alternative explanation of redshift in spectra of distant sources Seleucus of Seleucia (c.190–c.150 BC) used tidal observations to support a heliocentric model Roman Ulrich Sexl (1939–1986) developed an ether-based theory of absolute simultaneity that is mathematically equivalent to special relativity Al-Sijzi (c.

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