Lode coordinates
Lode coordinates ( z , r , θ ) {\displaystyle (z,r,\theta )} or Haigh–Westergaard coordinates ( ξ , ρ , θ ) {\displaystyle (\xi ,\rho ,\theta )} . are a set of tensor invariants that span the space of real, symmetric, second-order, 3-dimensional tensors and are isomorphic with respect to principal stress space.