Lower Lotharingia
The Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, also known as Northern Lotharingia, and alternatively called Lower Lorraine or Northern Lorraine (in titles, also referred to as Lothier or Lottier), was a duchy of the medieval Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire, established upon the division of the Stem Duchy of Lotharingia in 959/965. It existed until the end of the 12th century, encompassing almost all of modern Netherlands (the region of Frisia was loosely associated with the duchy, but the dukes exercised no de facto control over the territory), Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of modern Germany and France.