Neumann series
A Neumann series is a mathematical series that sums k-times repeated applications of an operator T {\displaystyle T} . This has the generator form ∑ k = 0 ∞ T k {\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{\infty }T^{k}} where T k {\displaystyle T^{k}} is the k-times repeated application of T {\displaystyle T} ; T 0 {\displaystyle T^{0}} is the identity operator I {\displaystyle I} and T k := T k − 1 ∘ T {\displaystyle T^{k}:={}T^{k-1}\circ {T}} for k > 0 {\displaystyle k>0} .