Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

In the field of molecular biology, the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating gene expression. PPARs play essential roles in regulating cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), and tumorigenesis == Nomenclature and tissue distribution == Three types of PPARs have been identified: alpha, gamma, and delta (beta): α (alpha) - expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and others β/δ (beta/delta) - expressed in many tissues, especially in brain, adipose tissue, and skin γ (gamma) - although encoded by the same gene, this PPAR, by way of alternative splicing, is expressed in three forms: γ1 - expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas, and spleen γ2 - expressed mainly in adipose tissue; it is 30 amino acids longer than γ1 γ3 - expressed in macrophages, large intestine, white adipose tissue == History == These agents, pharmacologically related to the fibrates, were discovered in the early 1980s.

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