Radical criticism
Radical criticism names a late nineteenth century movement that treated the Pauline letter collection and the Acts as second century literary products and typically denied authentic authorship of any Pauline epistles. It developed in Dutch and German scholarship after Allard Pierson's 1878 study of the Sermon on the Mount, reached programmatic form in Abraham Dirk Loman's Quaestiones Paulinae of 1882–1886, and was elaborated in Willem Christiaan van Manen's three volume Paulus published 1890–1896.