Samuelson–Berkowitz algorithm
In mathematics, the Samuelson–Berkowitz algorithm efficiently computes the characteristic polynomial of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix whose entries may be elements of any unital commutative ring. Unlike the Faddeev–LeVerrier algorithm, it performs no divisions, so may be applied to a wider range of algebraic structures.
Source: Wikipedia — Samuelson–Berkowitz algorithm (CC BY-SA 4.0)