Surveillance in the Ottoman Empire
During the reign of Mehmed II in the 15th and 16th centuries of the Ottoman Empire the use of effective record keeping allowed for a vast and detailed archive of information about its population. This included Tahrir, or land surveys, which were executed on a regular basis in order to keep up-to-date accounts of economic, security, and taxation data of the Ottoman population.
Source: Wikipedia — Surveillance in the Ottoman Empire (CC BY-SA 4.0)