Torque ripple
Torque ripple is an effect seen in rotating electrical machines, referring to a oscillation or pulsation of the average output torque as the electrical machines operates under steady states. The combination between the winding distributed in slots as a discrete magnetomotive-force source (electric loading) and the rotation-dependent magnetic reluctance (including the magnetic saturation, rotor and stator reluctances) is the main reason of the torque ripple.