Ur-Fascism
"Ur-Fascism" or "Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" (Italian: Il fascismo eterno, or Ur-Fascismo) is an essay authored by the Italian philosopher, novelist, and semiotician Umberto Eco. First published in 1995, this influential essay provides an analysis of fascism, a definition of fascism, and discusses the fundamental characteristics and traits of fascism.