World Hypotheses
World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence, by Stephen C. Pepper (1942), presents four relatively adequate world hypotheses (or world views or conceptual systems) in terms of their root metaphors: formism (similarity), mechanism (machine), contextualism (historical act), and organicism (living system). In World Hypotheses, Pepper argues that logical positivism was in error, because there is no such thing as data free from interpretation, and that root metaphors are necessary in epistemology.