Ex vivo
Ex vivo (Latin for 'out of the living') is a term for biological studies involving tissues, organs, or cells maintained outside their native organism under controlled laboratory conditions. By carefully managing factors such as temperature, oxygenation, humidity, and nutrient delivery, and by perfusing a nutrient solution through the vasculature, researchers sustain the extracted materials' viability, structural integrity, and physiological function temporarily to conduct experiments that would be difficult or unethical in a living body.