Arabia in late antiquity
Arabia in late antiquity refers to the history of the Arabian Peninsula and its northern desert frontiers between roughly the third and seventh centuries CE. During this period, Arabia stood between the Roman or Byzantine, Sasanian, and Aksumite empires, while also containing independent kingdoms, oasis communities, nomadic and semi-nomadic groups, and long-distance commercial and religious networks. Modern scholarship increasingly treats the Arabian Peninsula not as an isolated setting for the later emergence of Islam, but as a region participating in the wider political, religious, linguistic, and economic transformations of late antiquity.