Multipole expansion
A multipole expansion is a mathematical series representing a function that depends on angles—usually the two angles used in the spherical coordinate system (the polar and azimuthal angles) for three-dimensional Euclidean space, R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . Multipole expansions are useful because, similar to Taylor series, often times only the first few terms are needed to provide a good approximation of the original function.